Military President of Nigeria implant to
For the footballer, spot Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).
Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August ) go over a Nigerian statesman and martial dictator who ruled as force president of Nigeria from while in the manner tha he orchestrated a coup d'état against his military and state arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until resignation in [1] as trim result of the crisis mention the Third Republic.[2]
He rose confirmation the ranks of the African Army fighting in the African Civil War and at diverse times being involved in practically all the military coups place in Nigeria, before advancing to honourableness full-rank of a General standing ultimately as Commander-in-Chief of primacy Armed Forces; and as trace unelected President and military tsar from to , ruling muddle up an uninterrupted period of have a bearing years.
His years in rigorousness, colloquially known as the Babangida Era,[3] are considered one faux the most controversial in African political and military history, life characterized by a burgeoning governmental culture of corruption in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his r‚gime estimated to have appropriated main least 12 billion dollars ( billion today).[5]
The Babangida regime oversaw the establishment of a circumstances security apparatus; survived two set up d'ètat attempts and the successive execution of Mamman Vatsa () and Gideon Orkar () aligned the trial of hundreds unredeemed soldiers; assassination in Lagos a mixture of Dele Giwa ().[6] The administration also faced a series loom ethnic and religious outbreaks affiliated to the fallout of Babangida's decision to increase cooperation reach an agreement the Muslim world and well up in extremist tendencies.
On say publicly continent, his rule projected nobleness country as a regional laboriousness with diplomatic successes including distinction Abuja Treaty and the heroic engagement of Nigerian troops flash Liberia and Sierra Leone.
Abroad, Babangida's military regime cemented word-of-mouth accepted relations with the English-speaking nature of the United States ride the United Kingdom; and enforced economic liberalization and the denationalization of state-owned enterprises alongside fastidious national mass mobilization.
The breathe its last of Babangida and his government was precipitated by the change toward the Third Nigerian Position and the subsequent militarization be more or less politics in the presidential discretion which he annulled.
Ibrahim Babangida was born on 17 August in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He old hat early Islamic education before serving primary school from to [8] From to Babangida attended Management College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Muhammad Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the Nigerien Army on 10 December , where he attended the African Military Training College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida received his commission primate a second lieutenant as excellent regular combatant officer in honourableness Royal Nigerian Army (a thirty days before it became the Nigerien Army) with the personal crowd number N/ from the Amerind Military Academy on 26 Sep [11] Babangida attended the Soldier Military Academy from April tenor September
He was Commanding Office-holder of 1 Reconnaissance Squadron evade to From January to Apr , Babangida attended the Previous Officers Course at the Commune Armoured Centre in the Coalesced Kingdom – where he ordinary instruction in gunnery and grandeur Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted with the Ordinal Reconnaissance Squadron in Kaduna, trip witnessed the events of nobleness bloody coup d'état of , which resulted in the obloquy of Sir Ahmadu Bello.
Abut several young officers from Boreal Nigeria, he took part bank the July counter-coup led fail to notice Murtala Mohammed which ousted Habitual Aguiyi Ironsi replacing him learn General Yakubu Gowon.[13]
Further information: Nigerian Civil War
Following distinction outbreak of the civil conflict, Babangida was recalled and au fait to the 1st Division slipup the command of General Muhammad Shuwa.[14] In , he became commander of the 44 Foot Battalion which was involved trim heavy fighting within Biafran zone.
In , during a investigation operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under massive enemy fire and Babangida was shot on the right embankment of his chest.[15] He was then hospitalized in Lagos, ray was given the option characteristic removing the bullet shrapnel, which he refused and still carries with him.[16] Away and sick from his wounds, Babangida mated Maryam King on 6 Sept He returned to the conflict front in December , controlling a battalion.[17] In January , Babangida was informed by circlet sectional commander General Theophilus Danjuma of the capitulation of birth Biafran Army to the in alliance military government in Lagos, gesture the end of the war.[18]
In , following rank war Babangida was promoted stall and posted to the African Defence Academy as an tutor.
From August to June , he attended the Advanced Steelplated Officers Course at the Leagued States Army Armor School. Hamper , he was made head of state of the 4 Reconnaissance Assimilate. In , he became depiction commander of the Nigerian Host Armoured Corps. Babangida attended distinct defence and strategy courses. Colonel Babangida as Commander of blue blood the gentry Armoured Corps was a latchkey participant in the coup d'état of [19]
He was later determined as one of the youngest members of the Supreme Force Council from 1 August in October Colonel Babangida crushed nominal single-handedly the coup d'état insensible that resulted in the massacre of General Murtala Mohammed stomachturning taking back control of high-mindedness Radio Nigeria station from grandeur main perpetrator, Lieutenant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka.
From January fulfil July , he attended blue blood the gentry Senior Officers Course at decency Armed Forces Command and Standard College, Jaji. From to , he attended the Senior Only if Course at the National College of Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]
Babangida was the Administrator of Army Staff Duties at an earlier time Plans from to [20] Appease was the main figure endure the coup d'ètat of which led to the overthrow decay the Second Republic, with monetary backing from his close link up and businessman Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida alongside his other co-conspirators adjacent appointed the most senior piece officer at the time Accepted Muhammadu Buhari as military intellect of state from to ; and Babangida was promoted playing field appointed as Chief of Legions Staff and member of depiction Supreme Military Council.[22]
Further information: Nigerian coup d'état
Following the coup d'état of , General Babangida (then Chief tablets Army Staff) started scheming realize overthrow military head of ensconce General Muhammadu Buhari.
The keep coup of was orchestrated succumb a degree of military facility hitherto not seen in say publicly history of coup plotting. Dignity whole affair carried out prep between Babangida as ringleader was conceived at the highest levels close the army cultivating his key relationship with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and erstwhile officers from his days orang-utan an instructor in the bellicose academy (graduates of the NDA's Regular Course 3), and bit by bit positioned his allies within rank echelons of military hierarchy.[23]
The accomplishment of the palace coup was initially delayed due to Popular Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Leader of Staff, Supreme Headquarters, extort ruthless second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari.
At midnight on 27 August , the plot metamorphosed with four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, and Abdulmumini Aminu detailed interested arrest the head of state.[24] By daybreak, the conspirators locked away taken over the government deliver Babangida flew into Lagos elude Minna where he was declared as the new commander-in-chief develop a radio broadcast by Prevailing Sani Abacha.
Babangida justified ethics coup in a speech portrayal General Muhammadu Buhari's military circumstances as "too rigid".[25]
Babangida ruling jam decree promulgated his official term as the President and Boss of the Armed Forces holiday the Federal Republic of Nigeria and placed Muhammadu Buhari answerable to house arrest in Benin in the offing He established the Armed Put back together Ruling Council (AFRC) as representation highest law-making council serving importance chairman; he also restructured picture national security apparatus, tasking Prevailing Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator chastisement National Security directly reporting make out him in the president's control he created the: State Custody Service (SSS), National Intelligence Instrumentality (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Bureau (DIA).[26]
Shortly after coming give somebody no option but to power General Babangida established honourableness Nigerian Political Bureau of Goodness bureau was inaugurated to demeanour a national debate on say publicly political future of Nigeria, brook was charged amongst other factors to:
Review Nigeria’s political history playing field identify the basic problems which have led to our default in the past and connote ways of resolving and brick with these problems.
The exercise was the broadest political consultation conducted in Nigerian history.
Between ground , the country suffered undecorated economic crisis. In , Babangida launched the Structural Adjustment Announcement (SAP), with support from ethics International Monetary Fund (IMF) skull the World Bank, to reorganize the Nigerian economy. In , Babangida launched the Mass Assembly for Self Reliance, Social Frankness and Economic Recovery (MAMSER), next a recommendation from the Bureaucratic Bureau, to increase self-reliance person in charge economic recovery.
The policies join in in the SAP and MAMSER were:
Between and , these policies were executed as intentional by the IMF, and significance Nigerian economy actually did construct as had been hoped, challenge the export sector performing enormously well. But falling real honorarium in the public sector discipline among the urban classes, legislative body with a drastic reduction knock over expenditure on public services, backdrop off waves of rioting at an earlier time other manifestations of discontent wind made a sustained commitment face the SAP difficult to maintain.[27]
Babangida contributed to the development make out national infrastructure.
He finished righteousness construction of the Third Mainland Bridge, the largest bridge treatise the continent at the pause. His administration also saw decency completion of the dualising wages the Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida extremely completed the Shiroro Hydroelectric Selfcontrol Station. He had the Toja Bridge in Kebbi constructed. Illegal also created the Jibia Spa water Treatment Plant and the Challawa Cenga Dam in Kano.
Babangida also founded the Federal Obsolete Safety Corps in order playact better manage the national roadstead. On 23 September , Babangida created two states: Akwa Ibom State and Katsina State. Out of order 27 August , Babangida built nine more states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, and Yobe.[28] Bringing rectitude total number of states show Nigeria to thirty in Babangida also increased the share footnote oil royalties and rents come up to states of origin from give rise to 3 percent.[29] Babangida and crown Ministers of the Federal Top Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later Prevailing Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat check government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December [30]
Babangida reinforced the foreign relations of Nigeria.
He rejected apartheid in Southbound Africa, involved Nigerian troops undecorated the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Oneness and enhanced relations with excellence United States and the Pooled Kingdom.[3] In , Nigeria wed the Organisation of Islamic Synergism an international organisation considered rendering "collective voice of the Muhammadan world".
This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where in is a Muslim majority civilization. However, non-Muslims criticised the profession likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a lay country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed probity decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed orang-utan Chief of General Staff.[31] Zip to the end of diadem tenure, he paid a allege visit to the queen invoke the United Kingdom making him the second Nigerian leader abaft Yakubu Gowon to do fair.
Further information: Third Nigerian Republic
In , Babangida started making plans call upon the transition to the Ordinal Nigerian Republic. He legalized honourableness formation of political parties stake formed the two-party system accommodate the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the general elections.
He urged all Nigerians less join either of the parties, which the late Chief Tie Ige famously referred to sort "two leper hands." The bipartisan state had been a Civic Bureau recommendation. In November , after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) announced on 24 January deviate both legislative elections to trig bicameral National Assembly and unornamented presidential election would be engaged later that year.
A key in of voting was adopted, referred to as Option A4. That process advocated that any aspirant needed to pass through acceptation for all elective positions get round the local government, state rule, and federal government.
The according to roberts rules of order election went ahead as set able, with the Social Democratic Slim (SDP) winning majorities in both houses of the National Confluence, but on 7 August , the NEC annulled the culminating round of presidential primaries.
Babangida annulled the 7 August statesmanlike primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged as the SDP presidential applicant and Adamu Ciroma as authority NRC candidate order to kiss and make up rid of the old push in both parties. In Jan , Babangida rejigged the tenacity military junta – the AFRC – replacing it with blue blood the gentry National Defence and Security Meeting, as the supreme decision-making medium of the regime.
He further appointed Ernest Shonekan Head show evidence of the Transitional Council and fly jure Head of Government. Comatose the time, the transitional assembly was designed to be goodness final phase leading to straighten up scheduled handover to an picked out democratic leader in the humorist presidential election.
On 12 June , the presidential election was finally held.
The results notwithstanding that not officially declared by position National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of glory Social Democratic Party (SDP) thwarted Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Collection (NRC) by over million votes in the presidential election. Righteousness elections were later annulled soak military head of state Community Babangida, citing electoral irregularities.
Significance annulment led to widespread protests and political unrest in Abiola's stronghold of the South Westward, as many felt Babangida challenging ulterior motives, and did very different from want to cede power surrender Moshood Abiola, a Yoruba merchant. Babangida later admitted that excellence elections were annulled due appendix national security considerations,[32] which operate didn't specify.[33]
The lingering 12 June crisis led to the abandonment of General Babangida in Honoured Babangida signed a decree medical centre the Interim National Government bewildered by Ernest Shonekan.
As brief president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as his vice president, who refused to recognize the acting government, the crisis lingered expend months culminating in the paroxysm of power by General Sani Abacha. Babangida at the apogee of the crisis stated "If I am sleeping and Wild hear the Yorubas beating position drums of war, I would go back to sleep."
From his hilltop residence in Minna, Babangida has cultivated a cover system which cuts across description entire country.
In , Babangida was instrumental in the alteration to democracy. Babangida is procrastinate of the founders of distinction Peoples Democratic Party alongside alternative prominent military generals such though Aliyu Mohammed Gusau. They were said to have supported Accepted Olusegun Obasanjo in the Nigerien presidential election in order want springboard themselves back to stretch.
In August , Babangida declared that he would run form the Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] Significant said he was doing fair "under the banner of integrity Nigerian people" and accused rendering country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and godfearing violence.[36] On 8 November , General Babangida picked up elegant nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party headquarters in Abuja.
This effectively put to correlated any speculation about his affectation to run for the Berth. His form was personally afflicted with to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This swift immediately drew extreme reactions get into support or opposition from representation southwest. In December, just already the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that Babangida had withdrawn emperor candidacy.
In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB recap quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother interpret the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as against Communal Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the drift two. It is widely deemed that his chances of palatable were slim.[37][38]
In September , Babangida officially declared his intention know about run for the presidency access the presidential election in Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was later urged by his military inner grow quickly to withdraw his candidacy end the October Abuja bombing.
Conductor Goodluck Jonathan later emerged whilst the PDP presidential candidate highest throughout his presidency sought judgement from Babangida and his militaristic inner circle.[40]
In , following nobleness election of his long-time emulator General Muhammadu Buhari as manager, Babangida maintained a low drawing.
In , Babangida had restorative surgery.[41] He is considered capital foremost elder statesman, and has called for a generational edge in leadership to allow subsidize a new crop of cutting edge to replace the military class.[42]
A biopic titled Badamasi: Outline of a General which chronicled his early life, life alongside the Nigerian Civil War in that well as his time though the military head of native land was produced by Obi Emelonye and released in cinemas review 12 June [43]
Babangida was joined to Maryam Babangida from hanging fire her death in They abstruse four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima.
On 27 December , Maryam Babangida dreary from complications of ovarian cancer.[44]
Babangida is rumoured to snigger worth over US$5 billion.[45] Noteworthy is believed to secretly hold a multi-billion dollar fortune sooner than successive ownership of stakes welloff a number of Nigerian companies.[46]
Magazine Forbes assumed in that in a little while before the Second Gulf Hostilities Babangida channelled US$12 billion always unplanned profits ("oil windfall") be a success his own pocket (the curl price jumped from US$15/barrel designate US$/barrel within weeks in near then crashed almost as fast to the old value).[5] Investigations into this did not draw to any concrete results.[47] Unembellished critical remark is that dignity additional profit of US$12 multitude calculated by Forbes could solitary have been realised if Nigeria had sold the entire yearlong production volume of million everything exactly on 27 September representative the annual peak price confiscate US$41/barrel - instead of righteousness officially stated US$22/barrel average close the whole year.[48] This give something the onceover unlikely in view of class long-term supply contracts in nobleness oil business and the laziness of the state-owned oil group of pupils NNPC.
Babangida commented in incidence the above allegations that explicit and his staff had anachronistic "saints".[49] This account should break down assessed with as much aid as Forbes' calculation.
During his military career, Babangida achieved the following ranks:
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1.
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