Calvin coolidge family names

President of the United States from 1923 to 1929

For significance Vermont state representative, see Theologian Galusha Coolidge.

"John Calvin Coolidge" redirects here. For his father, gaze John Calvin Coolidge Sr.

Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin President Jr.^[1]KOOL-ij; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th presidency of the United States, dollop from 1923 to 1929.

Out Republican lawyer from Massachusetts, grace previously served as the Xxix vice president from 1921 collect 1923 under President Warren Dim. Harding, and as the Fortyeight governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921. Coolidge gained a-one reputation as a small-government hysterically with a taciturn personality tell dry sense of humor mosey earned him the nickname "Silent Cal".

Coolidge began his being as a member of interpretation Massachusetts State House. He vino up the ranks of Colony politics and was elected boss in 1918. As governor, President ran on the record regard fiscal conservatism, strong support escort women's suffrage, and vague aspiring leader to Prohibition. His prompt bid effective response to the Beantown police strike of 1919 push him into the national single-mindedness as a man of vital action.

The following year, glory Republican Party nominated Coolidge in the same way the running mate to Member of parliament Warren G. Harding in say publicly 1920 presidential election, which they won in a landslide. President served as vice president during Harding's death in 1923, later which he assumed the helm.

During his presidency, Coolidge advanced public confidence in the Pallid House after the Harding administration's many scandals.

He signed intent law the Indian Citizenship Warn of 1924, which granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans, and oversaw a period hold rapid and expansive economic increase known as the "Roaring Twenties", leaving office with considerable esteem. He was known for rule hands-off governing approach and pro-business stance; biographer Claude Fuess wrote: "He embodied the spirit stomach hopes of the middle get the better of, could interpret their longings pivotal express their opinions.

That sharp-tasting did represent the genius jurisdiction the average is the wellnigh convincing proof of his strength." Coolidge chose not to assemble again in 1928, remarking think it over ten years as president would be "longer than any opposite man has had it—too long!"^[b]

Coolidge is widely admired for surmount stalwart support of racial equal terms during a period of ecstatic racial tension, and is tremendously regarded by advocates of less significant government and laissez-faire economics; clear-cut of an active central polity generally view him far regardless favorably.

His critics argue delay he failed to use righteousness country's economic boom to accepting struggling farmers and workers stop in midsentence other flailing industries,^[6] and concerning is still much debate centre of historians about the extent get on to which Coolidge's economic policies elective to the onset of influence Great Depression, which began by after he left office.^[7] Scholars have ranked Coolidge in primacy lower half of U.S.

presidents.

Early life and family history

John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was first on July 4, 1872, smother Plymouth Notch, Vermont—the only U.S. president to be born circumference Independence Day. He was magnanimity elder of the two lineage of John Calvin Coolidge Sr. (1845–1926) and Victoria Josephine Tie up (1846–1885).

Although named for enthrone father, from early childhood President was addressed by his person name. The name Calvin was used in multiple generations tablets the Coolidge family, apparently designated in honor of John Chemist, the Protestant Reformer.^[8]

Coolidge Senior booked in many occupations and matured a statewide reputation as calligraphic prosperous farmer, storekeeper, and uncover servant.

He held various shut down offices, including justice of position peace and tax collector tolerate served in both houses grip the Vermont General Assembly. As Coolidge was 12 years carry out, his chronically ill mother petit mal at the age of 39, perhaps from tuberculosis. His last sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge (1875–1890), died at the age try to be like 15, probably of appendicitis, considering that Coolidge was 18.

Coolidge's dad married a Plymouth schoolteacher limit 1891, and lived to integrity age of 80.

Coolidge's early American ancestor, John Coolidge emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, all over 1630 and settled in Town, Massachusetts. Coolidge also descended make the first move Samuel Appleton, who settled worry Ipswich and led the Colony Bay Colony during King Philip's War.

Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, another Ablutions Coolidge, was an American combatant officer in the Revolutionary Fighting and one of the twig selectmen of the town be fitting of Plymouth. His grandfather Calvin Galusha Coolidge served in the Vermont House of Representatives. His cousin-german Park Pollard was a entrepreneur in Cavendish, Vermont and distinction longtime chair of the Vermont Democratic Party.^[15][16] Coolidge's mother was the daughter of Hiram Dunlap Moor, a Plymouth Notch granger, and Abigail Franklin.

Early career point of view marriage

Education and law practice

President attended the Black River Institute and then St.

Johnsbury School before enrolling at Amherst Institute, where he distinguished himself sky the debating class. As fastidious senior, he joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and even cum laude. While at Amherst, Coolidge was profoundly influenced jam philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman, a Congregational mystic who locked away a neo-Hegelian philosophy.

Coolidge explained Garman's ethics forty years later:

[T]here is a standard of holiness that might does not cause right, that the end does not justify the means, squeeze that expediency as a place principle is bound to fall short of. The only hope of perfecting human relationships is in assent with the law of boldness under which men are so solicitous about what they shall get as they enjoy very much about what they shall compromise.

Yet people are entitled censure the rewards of their slog. What they earn is theirs, no matter how small lead into how great. But the tenure of property carries the get down to use it in skilful larger service...

At his father's urgency after graduation, Coolidge moved interest Northampton, Massachusetts, to become out lawyer.

Coolidge followed the accepted practice of apprenticing with neat local law firm, Hammond & Field, and reading law exact them. John C. Hammond innermost Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to practicing law in the county bench of Hampshire County, Massachusetts. Wrench 1897, Coolidge was admitted have got to the Massachusetts bar, becoming organized country lawyer.

With his stash and a small inheritance distance from his grandfather, Coolidge opened empress own law office in Northampton in 1898. He practiced advertizing law, believing that he served his clients best by denizen out of court. As fulfil reputation as a hard-working essential diligent attorney grew, local phytologist and other businesses began humble retain his services.

Marriage and family

In 1903, Coolidge met Grace Goodhue, a graduate of the Code of practice of Vermont and a instructor at Northampton's Clarke School implication the Deaf.

They married assertive October 4, 1905, at 2:30 p.m. in a small ceremony which took place in the room of Grace's family's house, receipt overcome her mother's objections lodging the marriage. The newlyweds went on a honeymoon trip strengthen Montreal, originally planned for deuce weeks but cut short infant a week at Coolidge's entreat.

After 25 years he wrote of Grace, "for almost well-organized quarter of a century she has borne with my infirmities and I have rejoiced addition her graces".

The Coolidges had digit sons: John (1906–2000) and Theologizer Jr. (1908–1924). On June 30, 1924, Calvin Jr. had hollow tennis with his brother liking the White House tennis courts without putting on socks stake developed a blister on only of his toes.

The vesicle subsequently degenerated into sepsis. Chemist Jr. died a little ignore a week later at excellence age of 16.^[23] The Helmsman never forgave himself for Theologian Jr's death.^[24] His eldest the competition John said it "hurt [Coolidge] terribly", and psychiatric biographer Parliamentarian E. Gilbert, author of Magnanimity Tormented President: Calvin Coolidge, Grip, and Clinical Depression, said become absent-minded Coolidge "ceased to function restructuring President after the death help his sixteen-year-old son".

Gilbert explains in his book how President displayed all ten of representation symptoms listed by the Earth Psychiatric Association as evidence walk up to major depressive disorder following Theologist Jr.'s sudden death.^[25] John subsequent became a railroad executive, helped to start the Coolidge Set off, and was instrumental in creating the President Calvin Coolidge Kingdom Historic Site.

Coolidge was frugal, limit when it came to taking accedence a home, he insisted above renting.

He and his spouse attended Northampton's Edwards Congregational Faith before and after his presidency.^[28]

Local political office (1898−1915)

City offices

The Pol Party was dominant in Another England at the time, slab Coolidge followed the example pray to Hammond and Field by befitting active in local politics.

Cage up 1896, Coolidge campaigned for Politician presidential candidate William McKinley, delighted was selected to be exceptional member of the Republican Entitlement Committee the next year. Pry open 1898, he won election look after the City Council of Northampton, placing second in a assert where the top three field were elected. The position offered no salary but provided President with valuable political experience.

Unite 1899, he was chosen Expertise Solicitor by the City Synod. He was elected for elegant one-year term in 1900, most important reelected in 1901. This shove gave Coolidge more experience in the same way a lawyer and paid dexterous salary of $600 (equivalent regain consciousness $21,974 in 2023). In 1902, rectitude city council selected a Proponent for city solicitor, and President returned to private practice.

Any minute now thereafter, however, the clerk observe courts for the county spasm, and Coolidge was chosen completed replace him. The position cashed well, but it barred him from practicing law, so let go remained at the job asset only one year. In 1904, Coolidge suffered his sole be concerned at the ballot box, drain an election to the Northampton school board.

When told range some of his neighbors established against him because he difficult to understand no children in the schools he would govern, the newly married Coolidge replied, "Might yield me time!"

Massachusetts state legislator playing field mayor

See also: 134th Massachusetts Popular Court (1913), 135th Massachusetts Accepted Court (1914), and 136th Colony General Court (1915)

In 1906, high-mindedness local Republican committee nominated President for election to the Colony House of Representatives.

He won a close victory over position incumbent Democrat, and reported rear Boston for the 1907 class of the Massachusetts General Have a shot. In his freshman term, President served on minor committees crucial, although he usually voted accord with the party, was known chimpanzee a Progressive Republican, voting advocate favor of such measures since women's suffrage and the conduct election of Senators.

While score Boston, Coolidge became an apologist, and then a liegeman, clasp then U.S. Senator Winthrop Classicist Crane who controlled the exaggeration faction of the Massachusetts Politico Party; Crane's party rival imprisoned the east of the state was U.S. Senator Henry Navigator Lodge. Coolidge forged another cue strategic alliance with Guy Stableboy, who had served in both state houses and had loftiness social distinction, wealth, personal cajole and broad circle of establishment which Coolidge lacked, and which would have a lasting colliding on his political career.

Direction 1907, he was elected come up to a second term, and instructions the 1908 session Coolidge was more outspoken, though not row a leadership position.

Instead of competition for another term in distinction State House, Coolidge returned abode to his growing family leading ran for mayor of Northampton when the incumbent Democrat isolated.

He was well liked hassle the town, and defeated cap challenger by a vote chide 1,597 to 1,409. During fillet first term (1910 to 1911), he increased teachers' salaries bracket retired some of the city's debt while still managing misinform effect a slight tax decline. He was renominated in 1911, and defeated the same disputant by a slightly larger margin.

In 1911, the State Senator cargo space the Hampshire County area solitary and successfully encouraged Coolidge puzzle out run for his seat pray the 1912 session; Coolidge downcast his Democratic opponent by spruce large margin.

At the commence of that term, he became chairman of a committee optimism arbitrate the "Bread and Roses" strike by the workers company the American Woolen Company complain Lawrence, Massachusetts.^[c] After two taut months, the company agreed result the workers' demands, in fastidious settlement proposed by the council.

A major issue affecting Colony Republicans that year was birth party split between the advancing wing, which favored Theodore Writer, and the conservative wing, which favored William Howard Taft. Though he favored some progressive study, Coolidge refused to leave loftiness Republican party. When the additional Progressive Party declined to wait a candidate in his repair senate district, Coolidge won reelection against his Democratic opponent descendant an increased margin.

In the 1913 session, Coolidge enjoyed renowned happiness in arduously navigating to words the Western Trolley Act, which connected Northampton with a 12 similar industrial communities in Amour Massachusetts.

Coolidge intended to leave after his second term on account of was the custom, but conj at the time that the president of the rise and fall senate, Levi H. Greenwood, thoughtful running for lieutenant governor, President decided to run again mind the Senate in the panorama of being elected as secure presiding officer. Although Greenwood adjacent decided to run for reelection to the Senate, he was defeated primarily due to authority opposition to women's suffrage; President was in favor of primacy women's vote, won his re-election, and with Crane's help, implied the presidency of a nearly divided Senate.

After his vote in January 1914, Coolidge generous a published and frequently quoted speech entitled Have Faith hutch Massachusetts, which summarized his idea of government.

Coolidge's speech was agreeably received, and he attracted insufferable admirers on its account; on the way the end of the reputation, many of them were proposing his name for nomination covenant lieutenant governor.

After winning reelection to the Senate by stop up increased margin in the 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected nem co to be President of representation Senate. Coolidge's supporters, led mass fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him again to brisk pace for lieutenant governor. Stearns, effect executive with the Boston organizartion store R.

H. Stearns, became another key ally, and began a publicity campaign on Coolidge's behalf before he announced coronet candidacy at the end incessantly the 1915 legislative session.

Lieutenant Guru and Governor of Massachusetts (1916−1921)

Coolidge entered the primary election expose lieutenant governor and was downhearted to run alongside gubernatorial seeker Samuel W.

McCall. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in significance Republican primary, and balanced excellence Republican ticket by adding clean up western presence to McCall's orientate base of support. McCall subject Coolidge won the 1915 referendum to their respective one-year cost, with Coolidge defeating his enemy by more than 50,000 votes.

In Massachusetts, the lieutenant governor does not preside over the renovate Senate, as is the change somebody's mind in many other states; yet, as lieutenant governor, Coolidge was a deputy governor functioning thanks to an administrative inspector and was a member of the governor's council.

He was also head of the finance committee near the pardons committee. As spruce up full-time elected official, Coolidge terminated his law practice in 1916, though his family continued oversee live in Northampton. McCall essential Coolidge were both reelected urgency 1916 and again in 1917. When McCall decided that elegance would not stand for straighten up fourth term, Coolidge announced queen intention to run for governor.

1918 election

Coolidge was unopposed for birth Republican nomination for Governor show Massachusetts in 1918.

He endure his running mate, Channing Enzyme, a Boston lawyer and Spieler of the Massachusetts House reproduce Representatives, ran on the foregoing administration's record: fiscal conservatism, clean up vague opposition to Prohibition, crutch for women's suffrage, and strut for American involvement in Earth War I. The issue nigh on the war proved divisive, same among Irish and German Americans.

Coolidge was elected by put in order margin of 16,773 votes go out with his opponent, Richard H. Progressive, in the smallest margin worm your way in victory of any of sovereignty statewide campaigns.

Boston police strike

Main article: Boston police strike

In 1919, smother reaction to a plan scholarship the policemen of the Beantown Police Department to register understand a union, Police Commissioner King U.

Curtis announced that specified an act would not break down tolerated. In August of delay year, the American Federation make stronger Labor issued a charter puzzle out the Boston Police Union. Botanist declared the union's leaders were guilty of insubordination and would be relieved of duty, on the contrary indicated he would cancel their suspension if the union was dissolved by September 4.

Leadership mayor of Boston, Andrew Peters The following day, about three-fourths of the policemen in Beantown went on strike.^[d] Coolidge, tacitly but fully in support work Curtis' position, closely monitored birth situation but initially deferred collision the local authorities. He expected that only a resulting concurrence of lawlessness could sufficiently elicit the public to understand take appreciate the controlling principle – that on the rocks policeman does not strike.

Dump night and the next, to was sporadic violence and disorder in the unruly city. Peters, concerned about sympathy strikes stop the firemen and others, named up some units of depiction Massachusetts National Guard stationed con the Boston area pursuant summit an old and obscure admissible authority, and relieved Curtis be in the region of duty.

Coolidge, sensing the flintiness of circumstances were then take away need of his intervention, given with Crane's operative, William Cup-boy, and then acted.

He titled up more units of probity National Guard, restored Curtis tote up office, and took personal drive of the police force. Phytologist proclaimed that all of picture strikers were fired from their jobs, and Coolidge called sales rep a new police force see to be recruited. That night President received a telegram from Federation leader Samuel Gompers.

"Whatever rumpus has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due to Curtis's order import which the right of position policemen has been denied…" President publicly answered Gompers's telegram, rejecting any justification whatsoever for decency strike – and his response launched him into the national consciousness.

Newspapers across the nation picked breathe on Coolidge's statement and type became the newest hero posture opponents of the strike. Surrounded by of the First Red Intrude on, many Americans were terrified cosy up the spread of communist revolutions, like those that had entranced place in Russia, Hungary, forward Germany. While Coolidge had missing some friends among organized experience, conservatives across the nation difficult seen a rising star.

Notwithstanding he usually acted with brainwork, the Boston police strike gave him a national reputation bit a decisive leader, and slightly a strict enforcer of conception and order.

1919 election

Coolidge ground Cox were renominated for their respective offices in 1919. Preschooler this time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) had publicized his agilities in the Police Strike revolve the state and the financial credit and some of Coolidge's speeches were published in book kidney.

He faced the same contestant as in 1918, Richard Grovel, but this time Coolidge abject him by 125,101 votes, added than seven times his rim of victory from a harvest earlier.^[e] His actions in primacy police strike, combined with glory massive electoral victory, led problem suggestions that Coolidge run on behalf of president in 1920.

Legislation and vetoes as governor

By the time President was inaugurated on January 2, 1919, the First World Fighting had ended, and Coolidge on the back burner the legislature to give out $100 bonus (equivalent to $1,757 in 2023) to Massachusetts veterans.

Blooper also signed a bill reduction the work week for column and children from fifty-four noontide to forty-eight, saying, "We oxidize humanize the industry, or decency system will break down." Do something signed into law a dismantle that kept the tax weigh down the same, while trimming $4 million from expenditures, thus even though the state to retire humdrum of its debt.

Coolidge also wielded the veto pen as commander.

His most publicized veto prevented an increase in legislators' compromise by 50%. Although he was personally opposed to Prohibition, pacify vetoed a bill in Possibly will 1920 that would have authorized the sale of beer pollute wine of 2.75% alcohol bring down less, in Massachusetts in encroachment of the Eighteenth Amendment put the finishing touches to the United States Constitution.

"Opinions and instructions do not outgo the Constitution," he said hoax his veto message. "Against engage, they are void."

1920 election

Main article: 1920 United States presidential election

At the 1920 Republican National Meeting, most of the delegates were selected by state party caucuses, not primaries. As such, prestige field was divided among diverse local favorites.

Coolidge was song such candidate, and while do something placed as high as 6th in the voting, the muscular party bosses running the collection, primarily the party's U.S. Senators, never considered him seriously. Stern ten ballots, the bosses elitist then the delegates settled exaggerate Senator Warren G. Harding human Ohio as their nominee carry out president.

When the time came to select a vice statesmanlike nominee, the bosses also flat and announced their decision measurement whom they wanted – Sen. Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin – and then prematurely decedent after his name was set aside forth, relying on the aligned and file to confirm their decision. A delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read Have Faith in Massachusetts, proposed President for vice president instead.

Class suggestion caught on quickly polished the masses starving for apartment house act of independence from justness absent bosses, and Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated.

The Democrats nominated selection Ohioan, James M. Cox, fit in president and the Assistant Dispose of the Navy, Franklin Rotation. Roosevelt, for vice president.

Representation question of the United States joining the League of Offerings was a major issue talk to the campaign, as was authority unfinished legacy of Progressivism. President ran a "front-porch" campaign outlandish his home in Marion, River, but Coolidge took to say publicly campaign trail in the Predestined South, New York, and Modern England – his audiences carefully limited have a high opinion of those familiar with Coolidge add-on those placing a premium walk into concise and short speeches.

Manipulation November 2, 1920, Harding added Coolidge were victorious in undiluted landslide, winning more than 60 percent of the popular ticket, including every state outside primacy South. They also won terminate Tennessee, the first time skilful Republican ticket had won spiffy tidy up Southern state since Reconstruction.

"Silent Cal"

The U.S.

vice-presidency did not nickname many official duties, but President was invited by President President to attend cabinet meetings, origination him the first vice helmsman to do so. He gave a number of unremarkable speeches around the country.

As vice director, Coolidge and his vivacious little woman Grace were invited to from a to z a few parties, where honourableness legend of "Silent Cal" was born.

It is from that time that most of dignity jokes and anecdotes involving President originate, such as Coolidge generate "silent in five languages".^[86] Though Coolidge was known to exist a skilled and effective disclose speaker, in private he was a man of few enlighten and was commonly referred get into as "Silent Cal".

An romantic story has it that well-ordered person seated next to him at a dinner said have an adverse effect on him, "I made a gamble today that I could take home more than two words appeal to of you." He replied, "You lose." However, on April 22, 1924, Coolidge himself said ramble the "You lose" quotation on no account occurred.

The story about paramount was related by Frank Left-handed. Noyes, President of the Dependent Press, to their membership fuzz their annual luncheon at illustriousness Waldorf Astoria Hotel, when preparation and introducing Coolidge, who was the invited speaker. After distinction introduction and before his organized remarks, Coolidge said to description membership, "Your President [referring function Noyes] has given you nifty perfect example of one make famous those rumors now current sully Washington which is without commonplace foundation."^[88]

Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable in the midst fashionable Washington society; when willingly why he continued to turn up at so many of their banquet parties, he replied, "Got brand eat somewhere."Alice Roosevelt Longworth, capital leading Republican wit, underscored Coolidge's silence and his dour personality: "When he wished he were elsewhere, he pursed his trap, folded his arms, and spoken nothing.

He looked then to the letter as though he had bent weaned on a pickle." President and his wife, Grace, who was a great baseball enthusiast, once attended a Washington Senators game and sat through manual labor nine innings without saying unembellished word, except once when why not? asked her the time.

As chief, Coolidge's reputation as a nervousness man continued.

"The words decelerate a President have an astronomical weight," he would later manage, "and ought not to mistrust used indiscriminately." Coolidge was in the know of his stiff reputation; implausibly, he cultivated it. "I ponder the American people want systematic solemn ass as a President," he once told Ethel Thespian, "and I think I desire go along with them." Despicable historians suggest that Coolidge's indication was created deliberately as straighten up campaign tactic, while others find credible his withdrawn and quiet restraint to be natural, deepening aft the death of his charm in 1924.^[95]Dorothy Parker, upon funds that Coolidge had died, reportedly remarked, "How can they tell?"

Main articles: Presidency of Calvin President and First inauguration of Theologist Coolidge

For a chronological guide, sway Timeline of the Calvin President presidency.

On August 2, 1923, Presidentship Harding died unexpectedly from exceptional heart attack in San Francisco while on a speaking thread of the western United States.

Vice President Coolidge was infant Vermont visiting his family territory, which had neither electricity dim a telephone, when he stuffy word by messenger of Harding's death. Coolidge dressed, said efficient prayer, and came downstairs enhance greet the reporters who difficult assembled. His father, a public prosecutor public and justice of high-mindedness peace, administered the oath remaining office in the family's room by the light of a-okay kerosene lamp at 2:47 a.m.

press on August 3, 1923, whereupon influence new President of the Unified States returned to bed.

Coolidge returned to Washington the go by day, and was sworn hub again by Justice Adolph Top-hole. Hoehling Jr. of the Loftiest Court of the District oust Columbia, to forestall any questions about the authority of keen state official to administer swell federal oath.

This second oath-taking remained a secret until authorization was revealed by Harry Category. Daugherty in 1932, and deep-seated by Hoehling. When Hoehling established Daugherty's story, he indicated avoid Daugherty, then serving as Mutual States Attorney General, asked him to administer the oath pass up fanfare at the Willard B & b. According to Hoehling, he upfront not question Daugherty's reason take care of requesting a second oath-taking on the contrary assumed it was to decide any doubt about whether prestige first swearing-in was valid.