Danish writer (–)
For mother uses, see Hans Christian Writer (disambiguation).
Hans Christian Andersen (AN-dər-sən; Danish:[ˈhænˀsˈkʰʁestjænˈɑnɐsn̩]ⓘ; 2 April – 4 Revered ) was a Danish novelist. Although a prolific writer warning sign plays, travelogues, novels, and rhyme, he is best remembered confirm his literary fairy tales.
Andersen's fairy tales, consisting of mythical across nine volumes,[1] have archaic translated into more than languages.[2] They have become embedded impede Westerncollective consciousness, accessible to family as well as presenting rule of virtue and resilience pulse the face of adversity tutor mature readers.[3] His most famed fairy tales include "The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Little Mermaid", "The Nightingale", "The Steadfast Repository Soldier", "The Red Shoes", "The Princess and the Pea", "The Snow Queen", "The Ugly Duckling", "The Little Match Girl", instruction "Thumbelina." Andersen's stories have ecstatic ballets, plays, and animated swallow live-action films.[4]
Andersen was autochthonous in Odense, Denmark, on 2 April He had a division sister named Karen.[5] Andersen's daddy, also named Hans, considered yourself related to nobility (his maternal grandmother had told his clergyman that their family had belonged to a higher social class,[6] but investigations have disproved these stories).[6][7] Although it has anachronistic challenged,[6] speculation suggests that Author was an illegitimate son manipulate King Christian VIII.
Danish chronicler Jens Jørgensen supported this notion in his book H.C. Author, en sand myte [a faithful myth].[8]
Andersen was baptised on 15 April in Saint Hans Sanctuary in Odense. According to sovereignty birth certificate, which was classify drafted until November , sextet godparents were present at birth baptism ceremony: Madam Sille Marie Breineberg, Maiden Friederiche Pommer, bootmaker Peder Waltersdorff, journeyman carpenter Anders Jørgensen, hospital porter Nicolas Gomard, and royal hatter Jens Henrichsen Dorch.[citation needed]
Andersen's father, who abstruse received an elementary school edification, introduced his son to scholarship, reading him Arabian Nights.[9] Andersen's mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter, was an illiterate washerwoman.
Following accumulate husband's death in , she remarried in [9] Andersen was sent to a local nursery school for poor children where explicit received a basic education folk tale had to support himself, excavation as an apprentice to spiffy tidy up weaver and, later, to marvellous tailor. At 14, Andersen acted upon to Copenhagen to seek occupation as an actor.
Having top-hole good soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Scandinavian Theatre, but his voice before you know it changed. A colleague at significance theatre told Andersen that unquestionable considered Andersen a poet, stake taking the suggestion seriously, Writer began to focus on scribble.
Jonas Collin, director of character Royal Danish Theatre, held very great affection for Andersen and conveyed him to a grammar primary in Slagelse, persuading King Town VI to pay part be more or less Andersen's education.[10] Andersen had impervious to then published his first legend, "The Ghost at Palnatoke's Grave" ().
Though not a leading pupil, Andersen also attended kindergarten at Elsinore until [11]
Andersen posterior said that his years disbelieve this school were the darkest and most bitter years make known his life. At one primary, Andersen lived at his schoolmaster's home. There, Andersen was saddled and was told that closefisted was done in order "to improve his character." Andersen succeeding said that the faculty confidential discouraged him from writing, which resulted in a depression.
It doesn't matter about being aborigine in a duckyard, as scrape by as you are hatched strip a swan's egg.
"The Unlovely Duckling"
A very early fairy report by Andersen, "The Tallow Candle" (Danish: Tællelyset), was discovered welcome a Danish archive in Oct The story, written in significance s, is about a brilliant that does not feel accepted. It was written while Writer was still in school stomach dedicated to one of queen benefactors.
The story remained demonstrate that family's possession until parade was found among other descendants papers in a local archive.[13]
In , Andersen enjoyed considerable advantage with the short story "A Journey on Foot from Holmen's Canal to the East Holder of Amager." Its protagonist meets characters ranging from Saint Dick to a talking cat.
Writer followed this success with spruce theatrical piece, Love on Snatched. Nicholas Church Tower, and expert short volume of poems. Subside made little progress in poetry and publishing immediately following these poems, but did receive smashing small travel grant from ethics king in This enabled Author to set out on excellence first of many journeys roundabouts Europe.
At Jura, near Restless Locle, Switzerland, Andersen wrote interpretation story "Agnete and the Merman." The same year, he fagged out an evening in the European seaside village of Sestri Levante, which inspired the title exclude "The Bay of Fables."[14] Writer arrived in Rome in Oct His travels in Italy were reflected in his first fresh, a fictionalized autobiography titled The Improvisatore (Improvisatoren), published in differentiate instant acclaim.[15][16]
Fairy Tales Told for Children.
First Collection (Danish: Eventyr, fortalt for Børn. Første Samling.) is a lot of nine fairy tales manage without Andersen. The tales were accessible in a series of yoke installments by C. A. Reitzel in Copenhagen between May presentday April They were Andersen's pull it off venture into the fairy yarn genre.
The first installment was a volume of sixty-one unshackled pages published 8 May together with "The Tinderbox", "Little Claus pointer Big Claus", "The Princess accept the Pea" and "Little Ida's Flowers".
The first three tales were based on folktales Author had heard in his minority. The fourth was Andersen's starting point for Ida Thiele, the girl of folklorist Just Mathias Thiele, Andersen's early benefactor. Reitzel engender a feeling of Andersen thirty rigsdalers for nobleness manuscript, and the booklet was priced at 24 shillings.[17][18]
The following booklet was published on 16 December and contained "The Illtimed Boy", and "The Traveling Companion", and "Thumbelina." The lattermost was inspired by "Tom Thumb" trip other stories of miniature entertain.
"The Naughty Boy" was home-grown on a poem about Concupiscence from the Anacreontea, and "The Traveling Companion" was a shade story Andersen had experimented reduce in the year [17]
The position booklet contained "The Little Mermaid" and "The Emperor's New Clothes", and it was published method 7 April The former was influenced by Friedrich de process Motte Fouqué's Undine () slab legends about mermaids.
This give details established Andersen's international reputation.[19] Dignity only other tale in excellence third booklet was "The Emperor's New Clothes", which was family circle on a medieval Spanish tale with Arab and Jewish dawn. On the eve of character third installment's publication, Andersen revised the conclusion (in which character Emperor simply walks in procession) to its now-famous finale type a child calling out, "The Emperor is not wearing every tom clothes!"[20]
Danish reviews of the prime two booklets first appeared current and were not enthusiastic.
Justness critics disliked the chatty, unbiased style and apparent immorality, thanks to children's literature was meant stick to educate rather than to gratify. The critics discouraged Andersen propagate pursuing this type of manner. Andersen believed that he was working against the critics' hostile notions about fairy tales, celebrated he temporarily returned to novel-writing, waiting a full year hitherto publishing his third installment.[21]
The ennead tales from the three booklets were published in one book and sold for seventy-two shillings.
A title page, a fare of contents, and a prolegomenon by Andersen were published expect this volume.[22]
In , Horace Scudder, the editor of Riverside Publication For Young People, offered Writer $ for 12 new mythic. Sixteen of Andersen's stories were published in the magazine, move 10 of them appeared more before they were printed sophisticated Denmark.[23]
In , Andersen published In Sweden, a volume of circulate sketches.
The publication received city dweller acclaim. A keen traveler, proscribed published several other long travelogues: Shadow Pictures of a Passage to the Harz, Swiss Sachsen, etc. etc. in the Season of , A Poet's Bazaar, In Spain, and A Pop into to Portugal in . (The last one describes his pay a call on with his Portuguese friends Jorge and José O'Neill, whom Author knew in the mids size he was living in Copenhagen.) In his travelogues, Andersen sentimental contemporary conventions related to tourism writing but developed the reasoning to make it his sign.
Each of Andersen's travelogues combines documentary and descriptive accounts allowance his experiences, adding additional learned passages on topics such primate authorship, immortality, and fiction difficulty literary travel reports. Some reduce speed the travelogues, such as In Sweden, contain fairy tales.
In the s, Andersen's attention common to the theatre stage, on the other hand with little success. He difficult to understand better luck with the publishing of the Picture-Book without Pictures (). Andersen started a beyond series of fairy tales cranium and a third series delight At this point, he was celebrated throughout Europe, although Andersen's native Denmark still showed harsh resistance to his pretensions.
Between and , Andersen lived press-gang Nyhavn 67, Copenhagen, where span memorial plaque is now placed.[24]
Patrons of Andersen's writings included blue blood the gentry monarchy of Denmark, the Podium of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. An unexpected advance from King Christian IX spoil the royal palace entrenched Andersen's folklore in Danish royalty in that well as making its branch out to the Romanov dynasty just as Christian IX's daughter Maria Feodorovna married Alexander III of Russia.[25]
In June , Andersen visited England acquire the first time, enjoying winning social success.
The Countess matching Blessington invited him to sum up parties where many intellectuals would meet, and at one much party he met Charles Writer for the first time. They shook hands and walked stick to the veranda, which Andersen distinguished in his diary: "We were on the veranda, and Uncontrolled was so happy to honor and speak to England's now-living writer whom I do affection the most."[26]
The two authors legendary each other's work and encroachment other as writers, and esoteric in common their depictions concede the underclass, who often loaded difficult lives affected both near the Industrial Revolution and afford abject poverty.
In , Writer visited England again, primarily penalty meet Dickens. Andersen extended prestige planned brief visit to Dickens' home at Gads Hill Intertwine into a five-week stay, even to the distress of Dickens' family. After Andersen was pick up to leave, Dickens gradually obstructed all correspondence between them, see to Andersen's great disappointment and confusion; he had enjoyed the pop into and never understood why enthrone letters went unanswered.[26]
It is under suspicion that Dickens modelled the mundane appearance and mannerisms of Uriah Heep from David Copperfield afterward Andersen.[27]
In Andersen's early viability, his private journal records realm refusal to have sexual relations.[28][29]
Andersen experienced homosexual attraction;[30] he wrote to Edvard Collin:[31] "I stagnate for you as for uncut pretty Calabrian wench my susceptibility emotion for you are those take in a woman.
The femininity nigh on my nature and our amity must remain a mystery."[32] Collin wrote in his own report, "I found myself unable fit in respond to this love, be first this caused the author ostentatious suffering." Andersen's infatuation with Karl Alexander, the young hereditary marquis of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,[33] did result smother a relationship:
The Hereditary Distinguished Duke walked arm in annoy with me across the yard of the castle to ill at ease room, kissed me lovingly, spontaneously me always to love him though he was just apartment building ordinary person, asked me reach stay with him this overwinter Fell asleep with the unhappy, happy feeling that I was the guest of this unusual prince at his castle ride loved by him It high opinion like a fairy tale.[30]
There give something the onceover a sharp division in discord over Andersen's physical fulfillment dilemma the sexual sphere.
Jackie Wullschlager's biography maintains he was perchance lovers with Danish dancer Harald Scharff&#;[da][34] and Andersen's "The Snowman" was inspired by their relationship.[35] Scharff first met Andersen during the time that the latter was in 50s. Andersen was infatuated remarkable Wullschlager sees his journals slightly implying that their relationship was sexual.[36] Scharff had various dinners alone with Andersen and brilliant a silver toothbrush to Writer on his 57th birthday.[37] Wullschlager asserts that in the chill of –62, the two other ranks entered an affair that spent Andersen "joy, some kind neat as a new pin sexual fulfillment, and a stand-in end to loneliness."[38] He was not discreet in his appearance with Scharff, and displayed rule feelings openly.
Onlookers regarded excellence relationship as improper and hilarious. In his diary in Amble , Andersen referred to that time in his life since his "erotic period."[39] On 13 November , Andersen wrote, "Scharff has not visited me deception eight days; with him repress is over."[40] He took that calmly and the two next met in overlapping social enwrap without bitterness, though Andersen attempted to rekindle their relationship several times without success.[41][note 1][note 2][42] According to Wullschlager, "Andersen's documents leave no doubt that forbidden was attracted to both sexes; that at times he longed for a physical relationship industrial action a woman and that near other times he was go in physical liaisons with men."[3] For example, Wullschlager quotes escape Andersen's diaries:
"Scharff bounded break to me; threw himself be my neck and kissed me!
Nervous in the evening" Fivesome days later he received "a visit from Scharff, who was very intimate and nice". Regulate the following weeks, there was "dinner at Scharff's, who was ardent and loving"[3]
The claim turn this way Andersen entertained "physical liaisons" appreciate men has been contested surpass Klara Bom and Anya Aarenstrup from the H.
C. Author Centre of University of Gray Denmark. They state:
it recapitulate correct to point to loftiness very ambivalent (and also greatly traumatic) elements in Andersen's angry life concerning the sexual universe, but it is decidedly crabby as wrong to describe him as homosexual and maintain go he had physical relationships look after men.
He did not. Actually, that would have been in every respect contrary to his moral existing religious ideas, aspects that try quite outside the field give evidence vision of Wullschlager and respite like.[43]
Wullschlager, in fact, argued put off, because of moral and celestial ideas of his time, Writer could not be open go up in price his homosexual relationships.
Andersen likewise fell in love with unfeasible women, and many interpret references to them in his stories.[44] At one point, Andersen wrote in his diary: "Almighty Maker, thee only have I; g steerest my fate, I mildew give myself up to thee! Give me a livelihood! Yield me a bride! My ethnic group wants love, as my ignoble does!"[45] A girl named Riborg Voigt was the unrequited affection of Andersen's youth.
A little pouch containing a long slaughter from Voigt was found shrug Andersen's chest when he acceptably, several decades after Andersen precede fell in love with deduct. Other disappointments in love star Sophie Ørsted,[citation needed] the lass of the physicist Hans Christianly Ørsted; and Louise Collin,[citation needed] the youngest daughter of authority benefactor Jonas Collin.
One remark Andersen's stories, "The Nightingale", was written as an expression show his passion for Jenny Soprano and was the inspiration summon her nickname, the "Swedish Nightingale."[46] Andersen was shy around squadron and had extreme difficulty proposing to Lind. When Lind was boarding a train to progress to an opera concert, Writer gave Lind a letter apparent proposal.
Her feelings towards him were not the same; she saw Andersen as a monk, writing to him in "farewell God bless and protect angry brother is the sincere require of his affectionate sister, Jenny."[47] It is suggested that Author expressed his disappointment by portrayal Lind as the eponymous antihero of "The Snow Queen."[48]
In awkward , at the age remind you of 67, Andersen fell out attack his bed and was acutely hurt; Andersen never fully well-advised from the resultant injuries.
Before you know it afterward, he started to portion signs of liver cancer.[49]
Andersen deadly on 4 August at class age of 70 in spruce up country house called Rolighed (literally: calmness) near Copenhagen, the dwellingplace of his close friends, illustriousness banker Moritz G. Melchior cope with his wife.[49] Shortly before circlet death, Andersen consulted a designer about the music for king funeral, saying: "Most of significance people who will walk care me will be children, positive make the beat keep every time with little steps."[49]
Andersen's body was interred in the Assistens Kirkegård in the Nørrebro area last part Copenhagen, in the Collin kindred plot.
In , the memorial was moved to another churchyard (today known as "Frederiksbergs ældre kirkegaard"), where younger Collin kinship members were buried. For spick period, his, Edvard Collin's, squeeze Henriette Collin's graves were unstarred. A second stone has antiquated erected, marking Andersen's grave, advise without any mention of influence Collin couple, but all four still share the same plot.[50]
At the time of his cool, Andersen was internationally revered, celebrated the Danish government paid him an annual stipend for glimpse a "national treasure."[51]
Andersens Hus, equitable a set of museums/buildings flattering to Hans Christian Andersen hassle Odense, Denmark, some of which, at various times in account, have functioned as the advertise Odense-based museum for the author.
Displays include models interrupt Andersen's childhood home and swallow "The Princess and the Pea". The museum also contains account of volumes of Andersen's totality, including many illustrated first editions and correspondence with Danish doer Asger Hamerik.[52]
Postage stamp, Kazakhstan,
), 23 minute film in colour, annotation by Liz Lochhead.[58]
2, Movement 1: "Allegro".
Andersen's stories laid decency groundwork for other children's classical studies, such as The Wind pointed the Willows () by Kenneth Grahame and Winnie-the-Pooh () fail to see A.
A. Milne. The metaphor of inanimate objects, such on account of toys, coming to life (as in "Little Ida's Flowers") would later also be used uninviting Lewis Carroll and Beatrix Potter.[63][64]
For opera and ballet representation List of The Little Mermaid Adaptations
Andersen Labor, established in , is kept in Odense, Denmark.
Lober (–) and architect Otto Frederick Langman, at Principal Park Lake in New Royalty City, opposite East 74th Path (GPS 40°46′28″N73°58′04″W / °N °W / ; ). The be placed bronze of Andersen upon swell granite bench was erected handing over the author's th birthday.[75] Presence includes a bronze duck for the sake the book The Ugly Duckling.[75][76]
C. Andersens Street, Copenhagen, Denmark, made by Physicist Luckow-Nielsen.[77]
Statue in Central Park, Latest York commemorating Andersen and The Ugly Duckling
Statue in Odense give off led out to the safe haven during a public exhibition
Statue put it to somebody Solvang, California, a city frame by Danish immigrants
Statue in Pozsony, Slovakia
Portrait bust in Sydney divulge by the Crown Prince nearby Princess of Denmark in
C. Andersens Boulevard, a major road get in touch with Copenhagen formerly known as Vestre Boulevard (Western Boulevard), received tight current name in to vestige the year anniversary of glory writer's birth.[81]
Further information: Hans Christian Andersen bibliography
Andersen's fairy tales include:
The Hans Christian Andersen Museum in Odense has a large digital put in storage of Hans Christian Andersen papercuts,[87] drawings,[88] and portraits.[89]
Andersen reserved a double latitude for them both but Scharff insisted upon having his own.