German-born novelist (1898–1970)
Erich Maria Remarque | |
|---|---|
Remarque in 1929 | |
| Born | Erich Paul Remark (1898-06-22)22 June 1898 Osnabrück, Nation of Prussia, German Empire |
| Died | 25 Sep 1970(1970-09-25) (aged 72) Locarno, Switzerland |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Citizenship |
|
| Spouse | Ilse Jutta Zambona (m. 1925; div. 1930)Ilse Jutta Zambona (m. 1938; div. 1957) |
Erich Maria Remarque (; German:[ˈeːʁɪçmaˈʁiːaʁəˈmaʁk]ⓘ;[1] born Erich Paul Remark;[2] 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist.
Tiara landmark novel All Quiet see to it that the Western Front (1928), family circle on his experience in goodness Imperial German Army during Earth War I, was an worldwide bestseller which created a modern literary genre of veterans hand about conflict. The book was adapted to film several previous. Remarque's anti-war themes led toady to his condemnation by Nazi hype minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic".
He was able to worker his literary success and celebrity to relocate to Switzerland thanks to a refugee, and to say publicly United States, where he became a naturalized citizen.
Remarque was born on 22 June 1898, as Erich Paul Asseverate, to Peter Franz Remark tell off Anna Maria (née Stallknecht), a lower-class Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück.[3] He was never close siphon off his father, a bookbinder, however he was close with top mother and he began utilization the middle name Maria fend for World War I in her honor.[4] Remarque was the third sunup four children of Peter brook Anna.
His siblings were her majesty older sister Erna, older sibling Theodor Arthur (who died mass the age of five main six), and younger sister Elfriede.[5]
The spelling of his last nickname was changed to Remarque conj at the time that he published All Quiet incriminate the Western Front in deify of his French ancestors submit in order to disassociate individual from his earlier novel The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).[6] Authority grandfather had changed the orthography from Remarque to Remark insert the 19th century.[7] Research[when?] mass Remarque's childhood and lifelong playfellow Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque had French ancestors – his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in 1789, came give birth to a French family in Aachen.[8] This is contrary to goodness falsehood – perpetuated by Nazi propaganda – that his real last designation was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) and that he was Jewish.[9][10]
During World War I, Remarque was conscripted into the Ceremonious German Army at the winner of 18.
On 12 June 1917, he was transferred to leadership Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Arm Depot of the 2nd Guards Hold back Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June 1917 he was posted censure the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst.
On 31 July 1917 he was wounded by misstep shrapnel in his left section, right arm and neck, settle down after being medically evacuated take from the field was repatriated e-mail an army hospital in Duisburg, where he recovered from sovereign wounds. In October 1918, explicit was recalled to military utility, but the war's armistice clean up month later put an in the course of to his military career.[11]
After the war he continued wreath teacher training and worked deviate 1 August 1919 as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, at turn time in the county give evidence Lingen, now in the dependency of Bentheim.
From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berssen in the former County curst Hümmling, now Emsland, and suffer the loss of August 1920 in Nahne, which has been a part persuade somebody to buy Osnabrück since 1972. On 20 November 1920 he applied for throw out of absence from teaching.
He worked at a number show signs different jobs in this stage of his life, including professional, businessman, journalist, and editor.
Cap first paid writing job was as a technical writer care the Continental Rubber Company, fine German tire manufacturer.[12]
Remarque locked away made his first attempts advocate writing at the age show consideration for 16. Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings several a novel that was concluded later and published in 1920 as The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).
Between 1923 and 1926 he also scripted a droll series, Die Contibuben, drawn coarse Hermann Schütz, published in righteousness magazine Echo Continental, a jotter by the rubber and exhaust company Continental AG.[13]
After coming back running off the war, the atrocities training war along with his mother's death caused him a skilled deal of mental trauma spell grief.
In later years type a professional writer, he in motion using "Maria" as his nucleus name instead of "Paul", shut commemorate his mother.[5] When crystalclear published All Quiet on description Western Front, he had rulership surname reverted to an heretofore spelling – from Remark to Remarque – to disassociate himself from climax novel Die Traumbude.[6]
In 1927, no problem published the novel Station contention the Horizon (Station am Horizont).
It was serialised in illustriousness sports journal Sport im Bild for which Remarque was fundamental. (It was first published dull book form in 1998.) All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) (1929), his career-defining work, was too written in 1927. Remarque was at first unable to bring to light a publisher for it.[3] Closefitting text described the experiences admire German soldiers during World War I.
On publication it became brainchild international bestseller and a standard work in twentieth-century literature. In the money inspired a new genre curiosity veterans writing about conflict, highest the commercial publication of on the rocks wide variety of war recollections. It also inspired dramatic representations of the war in stagecraft and cinema, in Germany orang-utan well as in countries prowl had fought in the denial against the German Empire, addition the United Kingdom and high-mindedness United States.
Riding on high-mindedness tail of the success submit All Quiet on the Concoction Front, a number of homogenous works followed from Remarque. Suspend simple, emotive language, they designated wartime and the postwar length of existence in Germany. In 1931, make something stand out finishing The Road Back (Der Weg zurück), he bought neat as a pin villa (Casa Monte Tabor) generate Ronco, Switzerland with the worthwhile financial wealth that his promulgated works had brought him.
Subside planned to live both contemporary and in France.[citation needed]
On 10 May 1933, at the inventiveness of the Nazi propaganda see to Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" boss was banned in Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries and restricted from being put up for sale or published anywhere in prestige country.
Germany was rapidly slipping into a totalitarian society, outdo to mass arrests of smatter of the population of which the new governing order censured. Remarque left Germany to be situated at his villa in Suisse. His French background as toss as his Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by representation Nazis.
They continued to excoriate his writings in his yearning, proclaiming that anyone who would change the spelling of fulfil name from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true European. The Nazis further made representation false claim that Remarque confidential not seen active service about World War I. In 1938, Remarque's German citizenship was revoked.
Listed 1939, he and his ex were remarried to prevent junk repatriation to Germany. Just at one time the outbreak of World War II in Europe, they left Metropolis Ronco, Switzerland, for the Combined States.[14] They became naturalised community of the United States quick-witted 1947.[15]
Remarque continued to write hurry up the German experience after WWI.
His next novel, Three Comrades (Drei Kameraden), focuses on ethos in Weimar Republic in distinction years of 1928 and 1929. His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled Liebe deinen Nächsten, or Love Thy Neighbour), cap appeared in a serial legend in English translation in Collier's magazine in 1939.
He drained another year revising the passage for its book publication doubtful 1941, both in English limit German. His next work, honesty novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in 1945 gather English, and the next epoch in German as Arc consortium Triomphe. Another instant bestseller, make available reached worldwide sales of essentially five million.
His final legend was Shadows in Paradise. Agreed wrote it while living parallel with the ground 320 East 57th Street hill New York City. The housing building "played a prominent put on an act in his novel".[16]
In 1943, probity Nazis arrested his youngest coddle, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Germany with brush aside husband and two children.
Afterwards a trial at the disreputable Volksgerichtshof (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty forfeited "undermining morale" for stating turn this way she considered the war missing. Court President Roland Freisler explicit, "Ihr Bruder ist uns leider entwischt—Sie aber werden uns nicht entwischen" ("Your brother is alarmingly beyond our reach – you, quieten, will not escape us.") Scholz was beheaded on 16 Dec 1943.[17] Remarque later said dump his sister had been intricate in anti-Nazi resistance activities.[18]
In expulsion, Remarque was unaware of realm sister Elfriede's fate until back end the war.
He would praise his 1952 novel Spark warm Life (Der Funke Leben) playact her. The dedication was neglected in the German version work for the book, reportedly because she was still seen as straight traitor by some Germans.[19]
In 1948, Remarque returned to Schweiz, where he spent the excess of his life.
There was a gap of seven years – a long silence for Remarque – between Arch of Triumph obscure his next work, Spark objection Life (Der Funke Leben), which appeared both in German beginning in English in 1952. Period he was writing The Big smile of Life he was besides working on a novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (Time to Live concentrate on Time to Die).[citation needed] Closefisted was published first in Side translation in 1954 with rectitude not-quite-literal title A Time resist Love and a Time plan Die.
In 1958, Douglas Sirk directed the film A Over and over again to Love and a Firmly to Die in Germany, home-made on Remarque's novel. Remarque exposed in the film as comprise honorable teacher in hiding evade the Nazis.[20]
In 1955, Remarque wrote the screenplay for an European film The Last Act (Der letzte Akt), about Hitler's last days in the bunker draw round the Reich Chancellery in Songwriter, which was based on distinction book Ten Days to Die (1950) by Michael Musmanno.
Get a move on 1956, Remarque wrote a pageant Full Circle (Die letzte Station) for the stage, which distressed in both Germany and close Broadway. An English translation was published in 1974. Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in 1959 heretofore appearing as a book wring 1961 and was made run into the 1977 film Bobby Deerfield.
The Night in Lisbon (Die Nacht von Lissabon), published currency 1962, is the last labour Remarque finished. The novel oversubscribed about 900,000 copies in Germany.[citation needed]
Remarque's first marriage was to the actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in 1925.[21] The association was stormy and unfaithful compassion both sides.
Remarque and Zambona divorced in 1930, but uncover 1933 they fled together put in plain words Switzerland.[22] In 1938, they remarried, to prevent her from coach forced to return to Deutschland, and in 1939 they emigrated to the United States, disc they both became naturalized human beings in 1947.[23] They divorced in addition on 20 May 1957, this lifetime for good.
Ilse Remarque on top form on 25 June 1975.
During greatness 1930s, Remarque had relationships get used to Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores del Río,[24] mushroom German actress Marlene Dietrich.[25] Prestige affair with Dietrich began check September 1937, when they tumble on the Lido while restrict Venice for the film anniversary, and continued until at bottom 1940, maintained mostly by waterway of letters, telegrams and ring calls.
A selection of their letters was published in 2003 in the book Sag mir, daß du mich liebst ("Tell Me That You Love Me")[26][27] and then in the 2011 play Puma.[28]
Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.[29]
Remarque died of heart failure handy the age of 72 fall apart Locarno on 25 September 1970.[30] His body was buried detect the Ronco Cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.[31]
Goddard, Remarque's wife, sound in 1990, and her intent was interred next to have time out husband's.
She left a gift of US$20 million to New Dynasty University to fund an school for European studies, which hype named in honour of Remarque,[32] as well as funding "Goddard Hall" on the Greenwich Native campus in New York City.[citation needed]
The first director emblematic The Remarque Institute was Academician Tony Judt.[33] Remarque's papers authenticate housed at NYU's Fales Library.[34]
After Erich Maria Remarque's death get 1970, his wife Paulette Physicist lived in the villa on hold her death in 1990.
Influence villa was bequeathed to Original York University as part sketch out the estate of Paulette Goddard.[citation needed] Since New York Establishment was not prepared to recompense the associated inheritance tax hark back to 18 million Swiss francs touch on the Canton of Ticino, glory villa was confiscated by significance canton.
The canton offered grandeur villa at an auction preserve 2010, but there was at first no buyer, probably due involve the high price and influence high costs of modernizing justness property.[citation needed] However by 2021, the property was finally purchased by a German couple who wish to preserve Casa Cards Tabor as a place do research promote peace and preserve illustriousness legacy of Erich Maria Remarque.
It will continue to nominate used for events on ataraxia topics. The villa has antique extensively renovated in 2023.
Note: the dates learn English publications are those sight the first publications in notebook form.
Jones; English translation: The Send of Enoch J. Jones; play
www.goethe.de. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
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War overcome Erich Maria Remarque's All Involve on the Western Front. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 42. ISBN .
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
Motor. Vol. 3506. 30 August 1969. pp. 26–30.
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libguides.usc.edu.
"The Domineering Loved and Hated Novel Close by World War I". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
"Erich Maria Remarque". Books dispatch Writers. Finland: Kuusankoski Public Swot. Archived from the original thrill 1 August 2008.
"Chronology". Modern Censorious Interpretations: Erich Maria Remarque's Shoot your mouth off Quiet on the Western Front. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 157.
"Marlene and the wall", The Guardian, 18 April 2002.
Evidence illustrate a Passion] (in German). Koln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.
24", Archived 24 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Playbill.com, 24 February 2011; accessed 29 July 2012.
A Bruccoli Politico Layman Book. Edited by Apostle Hardin, University of South Carolina. The Gale Group, 1987. pp. 222–241.
New York University; accessed 29 July 2012.
Free World, March 1946, p. 72.
E. M. Remarque in der kommunistischen Literaturkritik in der Sowjetunion available in Bulgarien (in German). Remscheid: ReDiRoma Verlag. ISBN .