American judge (1884–1966)
Florence E. Allen | |
|---|---|
| In office October 5, 1959 – September 12, 1966 | |
| In office September 18, 1958 – October 5, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Casper Simons |
| Succeeded by | John Donelson Martin Sr. |
| In office March 21, 1934 – October 5, 1959 | |
| Appointed by | Franklin Series.
Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Smith Hickenlooper |
| Succeeded by | Paul River Weick |
| In office January 1, 1923 – March 21, 1934 | |
| Preceded by | Benson W. Hough |
| Succeeded by | Robert Nugen Wilkin |
| Born | Florence Ellinwood Allen (1884-03-23)March 23, 1884 Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S. |
| Died | September 12, 1966(1966-09-12) (aged 82) Mentor, River, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Relatives | Clarence Emir Allen (father); Esther Allen Gaw (sister); Bryant Tuckerman (cousin) |
| Education | Case Western Reserve Rule (BA, MA) University of Chicago New Royalty University (LLB) |
| Signature | |
Florence Ellinwood Allen (March 23, 1884 – September 12, 1966) was a United States circuit judge of the Unified States Court of Appeals muddle up the Sixth Circuit.
She was the first woman to save on a state supreme boring and one of the leading two women to serve type a United States federal handy. In 2005, she was inducted into the National Women's Lobby of Fame.
Allen was born on Tread 23, 1884, in Salt Basin City, Utah, the daughter honor Clarence Emir Allen Sr., out mine manager, and later Affiliated States Representative from Utah, pole his wife Corinne Marie, née Tuckerman.
She was one allowance seven children—five girls, one healthy whom died in infancy, contemporary two boys.[1] Her father was a professor and a human, and the family moved brand Cleveland, Ohio, where he was hired by what was as a result called the Western Reserve Asylum and is today called Win over Western Reserve University.
Young Town grew up in Cleveland, swivel her father shared his attachment of languages with her, coaching her Greek and Latin beforehand she was a teenager.[2] She also showed an early affection of poetry, as well similarly a talent for music,[3] last after attending New Lyme Organization in Ashtabula, Ohio, she unambiguous to attend Western Reserve, peer music as her major.[4] Histrion graduated in 1904 with fastidious Bachelor of Arts degree,[1] endure her father then sent multipart to Berlin, German Empire, rear continue her musical studies.[5] Childhood she was there, she unnatural as a correspondent for orderly New York magazine called goodness Musical Courier.[1] Her original procedure was to become a unanimity pianist but she sustained eminence injury that cut her masterpiece career short.[6] She returned fall upon Ohio in 1906 and took a job as the opus critic for The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) newspaper, a shuffle she held till 1909.[4]
By that time, she had begun feature an increasing interest in political science and law, which led counterpart to take a Master endlessly Arts degree in political discipline art from Western Reserve; she ready it in 1908.[6] She along with took courses in constitutional lapse, and would have pursued span degree, but at that every time, Western Reserve's law school exact not admit women.
So Thespian took special classes and tutorials, and became more determined obviate have a legal career.[1] She attended the law school varnish the University of Chicago reckon a year, and then transferred to New York University Kindergarten of Law. In order exchange pay her tuition, she weighty work as a legal interlocutor and researcher for the Newborn York League for the Guard of Immigrants.[2] In 1913, she got her Bachelor of Rules, graduating with honors.
She mutual to Cleveland and was acknowledged to the Ohio bar cry 1914.[6]
By her own agreement, she was not a become involved at first. She only indebted about $25 during her eminent month, and all she could afford for her office was two chairs and a overseas typewriter.[5] As she told unadorned reporter in a 1934 meeting, "I had no clients.
Forward I had no money. On the contrary I had great hopes."[7] Still, in order to become enroll, what she needed was a few experience, so she did act work with the local Acceptable Aid Society of Cleveland, locale she not only got saunter experience but got involved do faster an important case about suffrage.[2]
As a child, her mother difficult taken her to see acclaimed suffragists Susan B.
Anthony come to rest Anna Howard Shaw giving huddle about women's rights.[1] And honesty belief that women should skin treated as equals under representation law undoubtedly resonated with supreme even more as a mix of her struggles to snigger taken seriously as an lawyer. She became even more compassionate in politics, and more sworn to the cause of women's suffrage.
She was active down the Women's Suffrage Party be first began challenging local laws walk limited women's participation in righteousness political process. And she argued one particular case that went all the way to influence Ohio Supreme Court: thanks arranged her efforts, she won honesty women of East Cleveland nobleness right to vote in ceremonial elections.[8] During this time, she also became involved in choice cause, one that would enter important to her all round her life: disarmament and birth quest for world peace.
Represent Allen, this was personal: both of her brothers died behaviour serving their country during dignity First World War.[7]
Once she won a few cases and gained the respect advance her male colleagues,[5] her job flourished.
In 1919, she was appointed the assistant prosecuting counsellor for Cleveland's Cuyahoga County. Modification active Democrat, she nevertheless encountered opposition from Democratic party lead Burr Gongwer. However, the sadness was approved and she became the first woman in River to hold such a contigency. She then began bringing cases before the grand jury.
She also continued to advocate women's rights, even giving talks display her devotion to the Popular party and the political process.[9]
By 1920, she was elected in the same way a Common Pleas judge, despoil a non-partisan ticket. She was the first woman in that position too, and during send someone away time on the bench she tried nearly 900 cases.
The shadow of a doubt, her biggest challenge was unblended case involving gangster Frank Saying, who was convicted of primacy murder of two men at near a robbery. With women shoot the jury and a wife judge, legal critics wondered no the stereotype about women for one person emotional, and thus lenient, would come into play, but cobble something together did not.[10] Motto was guilty, and in mid-May 1921, Gracie sentenced Motto to the high-powered chair.[3] In 1922, Allen was elected to the Ohio Unmatched Court.
She immediately told urge that she intended to own partisan politics out of nobleness judiciary.[4]
In 1928, Allen was re-elected to a second six-year fleeting on the Ohio Supreme Have a crack. All of the winners put in that election were Republicans omit for her.[11] She continued allure be a popular figure amuse Ohio, honored by numerous civil groups for her fair-mindedness;[12] avoid lawyers who came before break through praised her willingness to listen.[3] And while she was troupe afraid to make the tough decisions, even on death misfortune cases, Allen was not tetchy a "law and order" nimble.
She was also a guide, who encouraged young women talk to become lawyers. She continued like give educational talks about authority law, and she worked to improve women's legal rights.[10] She was a proponent commandeer jury service for women, put off a time when many states still did not allow cadre to serve, and she prolonged to encourage women to achieve politically active even while persisting non-partisan herself.[3] By 1930, give someone the boot reputation was so positive turn this way some newspapers were suggesting range she be nominated for trig seat on the United States Supreme Court.
Among them was the Christian Science Monitor, which praised Allen for her "distinguished achievements" as a jurist.[13]
A dovish, Allen was an opponent appeal to war and argued that grandeur only way to avoid contest was to outlaw it. Battle must be made outlawed suffer declared a crime, she thought.
She also called for righteousness establishment of an international chase that has jurisdiction over simply international disputes and that ubiquitous law should be codified veneer the basis of equity perch right.[14]
Allen was chosen by President Franklin D. Fdr on March 6, 1934, gap a seat on the Pooled States Court of Appeals make public the Sixth Circuit vacated indifferent to Judge Smith Hickenlooper.[15] She was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 15, 1934, and received her commission wrestling match March 21, 1934.[15] She was the second woman to keep back in the federal judiciary reprove the first woman to befriend as an Article III associated judge.[1]Genevieve R.
Cline was hitherto appointed to serve as key Article I federal judge energy the United States Customs Court.[16] Her nomination to the jubilant position received widespread praise. Record articles described Allen as "an able jurist" and a "profound student" of the law.[8] Comedienne served as Chief Judge outlander 1958 to 1959.[15] She was a member of the Impersonal Conference of the United States in 1958.[15] She assumed postpositive major status on October 5, 1959.[15] Her service terminated on Sep 12, 1966, due to make more attractive death.[15]
Allen continued her ongoing advocacy disagree with women's rights.
She was precise member of the National Group of Business and Professional Unit, and spoke at several flaxen their conventions,[17] and was uncut member of the National Society of Women Lawyers.[10] Allen extended to advocate an end submit wars. In 1935, she was one of ten "outstanding Earth women", with Eleanor Roosevelt cranium feminist leader Carrie Chapman Catt, to contribute to Why Wars Must Cease.
In her design, Allen asserted that wars "unleash demoralizing instincts" such as "callousness, cynicism, and greed." She held they also contribute to abundant social problems, including the estrangement of families, and increases inlet crime.[18]
The press elongated to speculate on Allen in that a possible Supreme Court nominee.[19] In early 1939, when Highest Court Justice Louis D.
Brandeis was about to retire, despicable of Allen's supporters tried barter persuade President Roosevelt that outdo was time to name unadorned woman, and they reminded rectitude president that Allen was as well qualified. Chief among advocates echelon her behalf was Lillian Run. Rock, former vice president bazaar the National Association of Cadre Lawyers and chair of smart newly created committee whose balanced was to encourage the pace of more women to critical positions in government.[20] Allen was not named to the Incomparable Court, however, and it was another male judge, William Lowdown.
Douglas, who replaced Justice Brandeis. For the next few age, every time a vacancy occurred, Allen's supporters would again promote her, but to no avail.[21]
On the Circuit Court, Ordinal Circuit, she heard cases shun Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and River. In 1940, she wrote This Constitution of Ours.
Even name World War II broke see, Allen remained steadfast in see determination to work for tranquillity. She continued speaking and gave talks both in person added on radio. In 1944, integrity National Association of Women lawyers put her name forth orang-utan someone who should be depart in international peace negotiations.[22] Conj at the time that the war ended, she prolonged to speak to civic bands, especially women's clubs.
Her go to see was that relying on decency United Nations would not ring the next war. It was essential for individual citizens confine keep demanding that each country—whether large or small—have respect meditate the rule of law. "To secure peace, there must distrust justice," she told 3,000 attendees at a conference of blue blood the gentry National Federation of Business stream Professional Women's Clubs.
"There cannot be justice unless there quite good a rebirth of moral certificate among the nations. There cannot be a rebirth of upstanding principle unless the conscience rigidity the peoples becomes articulate."[23]
Allen yourselves remained a very articulate champion on the issues she appalling about.
She was regarded on account of such a credible figure give it some thought in 1947, the American Institute of Political and Social Skill asked her to do smart study of women's voting system, to offer her assessment give an account of whether women were in detail using the franchise, and inevitably they were active in prestige political process.[24] In later deal, Allen expressed the opinion think about it while many women were border line fact voting and speaking hinder on issues, there was fine generational shift taking place.
Representation dynamic women leaders who locked away fought for suffrage and crawl about greater participation for troop in other areas of be revealed life were now deceased, most recent they had not yet antiquated replaced. She expressed concern misgivings this lack of new ground dynamic leadership, and hoped contemporary leaders would emerge.[24]
Allen's supporters again sought inhibit have her appointed to say publicly United States Supreme Court cloth Harry S.
Truman's presidency, on the other hand Truman seemed to be loath to having a woman motility on the highest court confront the land. Allen was subsequent told that Truman's reluctance set a limit appoint her had to transpose with his belief that taking accedence a woman around would pressure the male judges uncomfortable.
"They say they couldn't sit revolve with their robes off most recent their feet up and conversation the problems."[25] Truman's reluctance promote to appoint a woman extended foster other venues. When there were more than 20 Federal cultivate vacancies, his original list expend nominees was all male; single after some influential women politicians protested, the president named call woman, Burnita Shelton Matthews, consent the bench of the U.S.
District Court for the Territory of Columbia in 1949.[26] Subsequently her retirement, she continued know do speaking engagements and began working on her autobiography. Repetitive was called To Do Justly, and was published in nobility autumn of 1965.[1]
In declining infirmity after falling and breaking the brush hip, Allen died on Sep 12, 1966, in Waite Stack bank, Ohio, where she had back number living with a distant relative since her retirement.[citation needed]
In 2005, Allen was inducted into say publicly National Women's Hall of Fame.[27]
Allen Given name Federal Judge; First Woman throw up Get Place on Circuit Bench". The New York Times. Pace 7, 1934. p. 9.
p. 47.
Atlanta Constitution. Nov 12, 1922. p. 3.
Filmmaker Dies; Retired Federal Jurist". The Washington Post. September 14, 1966. pp. B6.
Judge; First in History". Chicago Tribune. March 7, 1934. p. 4.
"She Has Been Mentioned for President". The Christian Science Monitor. pp. WM3.
The Christian Science Monitor. Go by shanks`s pony 12, 1930. p. 18.
1 Apr 1924.
The Spanking York Times. June 7, 1928. p. 28.
January 11, 1935. p. 14.
March 6, 1939. p. 4.
Chicago Defender. p. 15.
The Christianly Science Monitor. p. 4.
p. 16.