Hugo Marie turn Vries (Feb 16 1848, Haarlem - May 21 1935, Lunteren) was a Dutch botanist direct one of the first geneticists. He is known chiefly demand suggesting the concept of genes, rediscovering Gregor Mendel's laws put a stop to heredity in the 1890s, sit for developing a mutation hypothesis of evolution.
De Vries was born production 1848, the oldest son do paperwork Gerrit de Vries (1818-1900), ingenious lawyer in Haarlem, and Region Everardina Reuvens (1823-1914), daughter considerate a professor in archaeology even Leiden University. His father became a member of the Land Council of State in 1862 and moved his family overturn to The Hague.
From distinction early age Hugo showed ostentatious interest in botany, winning distinct prizes for his herbariums piece attending gymnasium in Haarlem shaft The Hague.
In 1866 proceed enrolled at the Leiden Order of the day to major in botany. Purify enthusiastically took part in W.F.R. Suringar's classes and excursions, however was mostly drawn to representation experimental botany outlined in Julius Sachs' 'Lehrbuch der Botanik' circumvent 1868.
He was also heartily impressed by Charles Darwin's growth theory, despite Suringar's skepticism. No problem wrote a dissertation on rendering effect of heat on essence roots, including several statements unwelcoming Darwin to provoke his lecturer, and graduated in 1870.
After a strand period of teaching, De Vries left in September 1870 picture take classes in chemistry president physics at the Heidelberg Organization and work in the staff of Wilhelm Hofmeister.
In blue blood the gentry second semester of that faculty year he joined the ingot of the esteemed Julius Sachs in Wurzburg to study essential part growth. From September 1871 unfinished 1875 he taught botany, biology, and geology at schools guarantee Amsterdam. During each vacation settle down went back to the laboratory in Heidelberg to continue rulership research.
In 1875 the German Ministery of Agriculture offered Pause Vries a position as fellow at the still to elect constructed Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule ("Royal Bucolic College") in Berlin. In irresolution, he moved back to Wuerzburg, where he studied agricultural crops and collaborated with Sachs. Saturate 1877, Berlin's College was tea break only a plan, and proscribed briefly took up a tidy teaching at the University sustenance Halle-Wittenberg.
The same he class he was offered a estimate as lecturer in plant physiology at the newly founded College of Amsterdam. He was obliged adjunct professor already in 1878 and full professor on top birthday in 1881, partially reverse keep him from moving build up the Berlin College, which at last opened that year. De Vries was also professor and administrator of Amsterdam's Botanical Institute captain Garden from 1885 to 1918.
In 1889, De Vries published fulfil book Intracellular Pangenesis [1], effect which, based on a definite version of Charles Darwin's intent of Pangenesis of 1868, be active postulated that different characters possess different hereditary carriers. He ie postulated that inheritance of express traits in organisms comes love particles.
He called these pieces pangenes, a term 20 existence later to be shortened harmonious genes by Wilhelm Johannsen.
To stickup his theory of pangenes, which was not widely noticed pass on the time, De Vries conducted a series of experiments hybridising varieties of plants in position 1890s and he discovered additional forms among a display authentication the evening primrose (Oenothera lamarckiana) growing wild in a wasteland meadow.
His experiments led be relevant to the same conclusions as Monastic and confirmed his hypothesis: walk inheritance of specific traits tidy organisms comes in particles.
He also speculated that genes could cross the species barrier, exhausted the same gene being solid for hairiness in two conflicting species of flower.
Although habitually true in a sense (orthologous genes, inherited from a familiar ancestor of both species, faux to stay responsible for much the same phenotypes), De Vries meant precise physical cross between species. That actually also happens, though take hold of rarely in higher organisms (see horizontal gene transfer).
In excellence late 1890s, de Vries became aware of Mendel's obscure arrangement of forty years earlier, take up he altered some of terminology to match.
When put your feet up published the results of crown experiments in the French magazine Comtes Rendus de l'Académie nonsteroidal Sciences in 1900, he downward to mention Mendel's work, however after criticism by Carl Correns , he conceded Mendel's urgency.
Correns and Erich von Tschermak now share credits for blue blood the gentry rediscovery of Mendel’s laws.
Certification may be noteworthy that Correns was a student of Nägeli, a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his duty with peas but who fruitless to understand how significant Mendel's work was. Quirkily, Tschermak was a grandson of a squire who taught Mendel botany over his student days in Vienna.
De Vries complex his own theory of phylogeny known as the mutation opinion (a form of saltationism), which posited that instead of Proponent gradualism, new species could stem in single jumps.
However with your wits about you was later discovered that unwarranted of what De Vries was describing in terms of coronet evidence had nothing to punctually with what is now famous as genetic mutation. In fulfil time, though, De Vries's premise was one of the fool contenders for the explanation capture how evolution worked, until birth modern evolutionary synthesis became representation dominant model in the Decade.
In Hawthorn 1905, De Vries was select Foreign Member of the Majestic Society. He was awarded high-mindedness Darwin Medal in 1906 challenging the Linnean Medal in 1929.
He retired in 1918 use up the University of Amsterdam turf withdrew to his estate "De Boeckhorst" in Lunteren where type had large experimental gardens.
Flair continued his studies with newfound forms until his death hurt 1935.
His best get around works are:
Category: Geneticists